Uned Wyth - Adolygu

The translation of i'r is 'to the', but in Welsh we say:

i'r gwaith	to work
i'r capel	to chapel
i'r eglwys	to church
i'r ysgol	to school
i'r coleg	to college
i'r gwely	to bed

When we go to see someone, we say:
mynd at y meddyg
mynd at y deintydd
mynd at y nyrs

Yes / No

There are many ways of saying yes / no in Welsh which can be complicated.
Generally, if there isn't a verb at the beginning of a question in Welsh, we use Ie / Nage as answers.

Rhiannon dych chi?	Ie
Gareth dych chi?	Nage
Athro yw e?	Ie
Athrawes yw hi?	Nage

You will be introduced to the past tense answers, Do (yes) and Naddo (No) in the next module.
You have already been introduced to verbs in the present tense and the imperfect tense at the beginning of a question:

Dych chi'n byw yn Llambed?	Ydw
Ydy hi'n braf heddiw?	Nac ydy
Oes car yn y garej?	Oes

The Question forms and the 'No / Yes' replies

We have already looked at questions with yes/no answers in the present and the imperfect tense:
Present tense:
Answers to 'bod' questions in the present tense:

Cwestiwn		Yes	No
Ydw i?	Am I?	Ydw ( I am)	Na / nac ydw
Wyt ti? (informal)	Are you?	Wyt (you are)	Na / nac wyt
Ydych chi? (formal)	Are you?	Ydw (I am)	Na / nac ydw
Ydy e?	Is he?	Ydy (he is)	Na / nac ydy
Ydy hi?	Is she?	Ydy (she is)	Na / nac ydy
Ydyn ni?	Are we?	Ydyn (we are)	Na / nac ydyn
Ydych chi?	Are you?	Ydych (you are)	Na / nac ydych
Ydyn nhw?	Are they?	Ydyn (they are)	Na / nac ydyn

In the 1st and 2nd person, the answer will naturally alter according to the question:

Wyt ti'n dod i siopa? (are you coming shopping?) 
Ydw (yes, I am)

Ydych chi'n mynd ar wyliau? (are you going on holiday?)
Ydyn (yes, we are)

The answers reflect the question in the 3rd person:

Ydy hi'n bwrw glaw heddiw? (is it raining today?)
Ydy (yes, it is)

Remember the colloquial forms:

Ydw i ?                      Dw i?
Ydych chi ?           Dych chi?
Ydyn ni?                 Dyn ni?

and the replies:

Ydyn      /      Nac ydyn

e.g.

Ydy hi'n byw yng Nghaerdydd? (Is she living in Cardiff?)
Ydy (Yes, she is)

Dych chi'n  gyrru adref? (Are you driving home?)
Nac ydw (No, I'm not)

Dw i'n gweithio'n llawn amser? (Am I working fulltime?)
Wyt (familiar) (Yes, you are)
Ydych (formal) (Yes, you are)

Ydy'r dynion yn gwylio'r rygbi? (Are the men watching rugby?)
Ydyn (Yes, they are)

Singular forms of the verb are used with all nouns, even with plural nouns.

Oes is used in indefinite questions in the present tense:
Oes
(Is there? Are there?)
Oes
(Yes)
Nac oes
(No)

Oes cath wrth y tân?
(Is there a cat by the fire?)
Oes
(Yes)

Oes defaid yn y cae?
(Are there sheep in the field?)
Nac oes
(No)

The Imperfect Tense (was / were / used to)

The Question forms and the 'No / Yes' replies:

Cwestiwn		Yes	No
Oeddwn i?	Was I?	Oeddwn	Nac oeddwn
Oeddet ti?	Were you?	Oeddet	Nac oeddet
Oedd e?	Was he?	Oedd	Nac oedd
Oedd hi?	Was she?	Oedd	Nac oedd
Oedd y ci?	Was the dog?	Oedd	Nac oedd
Oedden ni?	Were we?	Oedden	Nac oedden
Oeddech chi?	Were you?	Oeddech	Nac oeddech
Oedden nhw?	Were they?	Oedden	Nac oedden
Oedd y merched…?	Were the girls…?	Oedden	Nac oedden

As with the present tense, the answer reflects the question. In the 1st and 2nd person, the answer will naturally alter according to the question

Oeddech chi'n rhedeg bob dydd?
(Were you running every day?)
Oeddwn
(Yes, I was)

Oeddwn i'n rhy gynnar?
(Was I too early?)
Oeddet
(Yes, you were)

Oedd Rhian yn siopa yn Abertawe?
(Was Rhian shopping in Swansea?)

Nac oedd
(No, she wasn't)

Again, the singular form of the verb is used with all plural and singular nouns.

Defnyddiwch 'y / yr / 'r' gydag enw pendant, e.e.

Use 'y' with a definite noun, e.g.

Mae'r bachgen yn yr ysgol	(The boy is in the school)
Ydy'r ffôn yn y swyddfa?	(Is the phone in the office?)
Dyw'r llyfr ddim yn y siop	(The book isn't in the shop)

Peidiwch â defnyddio  'y / yr / 'r'  gydag enw amhendant, e.e.

Don't use  'y / yr / 'r' with an indefinite noun, e.g.

Mae bachgen yn yr ysgol	(There is a boy in the school)
Oes ffôn yn y swyddfa?	(Is there a phone in the office?)
Does dim llyfr yn y siop	(There isn't a book in the shop)

Feminine and Masculine nouns
We have already mentioned that every noun in Welsh has a gender; they are either feminine or masculine.  There aren’t any definite rules to help us know which nouns are feminine and which ones are masculine.  We much check in a dictionary if we are uncertain.   Our on-line dictionary is a fantastic resource which is very helpful to leave open when you are working on the module.

Some nouns have certain endings which can help us:

• Nouns ending with   -es   are feminine,

brenhines	queen
tywysoges	princess
ysgrifenyddes	female secretary
athrawes	female teacher
actores	actress
cadeiryddes	chairwoman
plismones	policewoman
Cymraes	Welshwoman

• All nouns ending in -wraig  (gwraig) are also feminine:

ffermwraig	female farmer
myfyrwraig	female student
pêl-droedwraig	female footballer
siopwraig	female shopkeeper
peintwraig	female painter
cyfreithwraig	female solicitor

• Nouns ending with –en  are usually  feminine:

cacen	cake
rhaglen	programme
deilen	leaf

• Exceptions are parts of the body:

pen	head
talcen	forehead

• Nouns ending with  -fa are feminine:

meddygfa	surgery
swyddfa	office
meithrinfa	nursery

                 

• There are also certain groups which are feminine  nouns:

Most nouns referring to geographical features, countries, cities, towns, villages,  languages, rivers, mountains, trees, roads  and many items of clothing  are usually feminine:

Cymru	Wales
Lloegr	England
Caerdydd	Cardiff
Llambed	Lampeter
Dinbych y Pysgod	Tenby
Cymraeg	Welsh
Sbaeneg	Spanish
Hafren	Severn
Tafwys	Thames
yr Wyddfa	Snowdon
derwen	oak
onnen	ash
lôn	lane
stryd	street
hosan	sock
esgid	shoe

 

The features of feminine noun are:

• They trigger a soft mutation in adjectives following them;

                  merch bert
                 cath ddu
                 ysgol brysur

• They undergo a soft mutation after the number ‘1’ – un:

                  un ferch
                 un gath
                 un wraig

• They mutate after the definite article;

                  y ferch
                 yr ardd
                 y bont

• The numbers 2, 3 and 4 have feminine forms as do some adjectives, e.g.

 

Masculine noun	Feminine noun
gwyn	gwen	white
gwyrdd	gwerdd	green
melyn	melen	yellow
dau	dwy	two
tri	tair	three
pedwar	pedair	four
bychan	bechan	small
byr	ber	short
cryf	cref	strong
crwn	cron	round
trwm	trom	heavy
tlws	tlos	beautiful

There are also certain groups which are masculine nouns:

• The days of the week, months, seasons, holidays and the points of the compass are all masculine, e.g.

dydd Sul	Sunday
mis Ebrill	April
yr haf	summer
gogledd	north
y Nadolig	Christmas
y Pasg	Easter

 

• Metals, minerals, materials, natural elements and liquids are masculine nouns:

aur	gold
dur	steel
lledr	leather
cotwm	cotton
dŵr	water
glaw	rain
llaeth	milk
gwin	wine

• Verb nouns used as nouns are always masculine and therefore an adjective following them doesn’t mutate:

canu	canu da	good singing
rhedeg	rhedeg cyflym	fast running
ysgrifennu	ysgrifennu gwael	bad writing
gyrru	gyrru peryglys	dangerous driving

• Nouns ending with –yn  usually occur in masculine nouns:

cerdyn	card
cordyn	cord
nodyn	note
dyn	man

The Perfect ('wedi') Tense
The Perfect tense is similar to the structure of the Present and the Imperfect tense sentence - but this time the linking word  'wedi' takes the place of 'yn'. There is no mutation after 'wedi'.  Therefore the linking words 'yn' and 'wedi' never appear together.

Present tense
Rydw/Dw i'n byw yn Llambed	I live in Lampeter
Rydw/Dw i wedi byw yn  Llambed	I have lived in Lampeter
Negative
Dydw i ddim yn byw yn Llambed	I don't live in Lampeter
Dydw i ddim wedi byw yn Llambed	I haven't  lived in Lampeter
Question
Ydych chi'n byw yn Llambed?	Are you living in Lampeter?
Ydych chi wedi byw yn Llambed?	Have you lived in Lampeter?
Imperfect tense
Roeddwn i'n byw yn Llambed	I was living in Lampeter
Roeddwn i wedi byw yn Llambed	I had lived in Lampeter
Negative
Doeddwn i ddim yn byw yn Llambed	I wasn't living in Lampeter
Doeddwn i ddim wedi byw yn Llambed	I hadn't lived in Lampeter
Question
Oeddech chi yn byw yn Llambed?	Were you living in Lampeter?
Oeddech chi wedi byw yn Llambed?	Had you lived in Lampeter?