Uned Dau - Adolygu

A is placed before consonants
bachgen a merch (boy and girl)
sglodion a sosej (chips and sausage)

A causes an aspirate mutation in words beginning with t, c and p.
t  >  th,  p  >  ph, c  >  ch.
te a choffi (tea and coffee)
halen a phupur (salt and pepper)
llygaid a thrwyn (eyes and nose)

Ac is placed in front of vowels
bacwn ac ŵy (bacon and egg)
oren ac afal (orange and apple)

Ac is also placed before the personal forms of the verb – bod  =  to be, which begins with the letters 'r' and 'm'. E.g.
Ac rwyf
Ac rwyt
Ac roedd
Ac maent
Ac mae, etc.

Ac is also placed in front of the following:
Ac mor (as, so)
Ac mewn (in)
Ac megis (as, like)
Ac mwyach (anymore)
Ac mai (that)
Ac fel (as, like)
Ac felly (so, therefoe, then, like that)
Ac fe (he, him)
Ac mi (me, I)
Ac ni (not)
Ac na (no)

â is placed before consonants
ag is placed before vowels.

• â / ag basically means 'with' in English.  It indicates how something was done, the instrument that was used to carry out the action. 
• Mae John wedi torri ei goes â chyllell  =  John cut his leg  with a knife.
• Roedd e wedi  dechrau tân â cherrig  =  He started a fire with stones.
• Sometimes, it conveys 'by' in English as an alternative to 'with'.
• Talodd hi â siec  =  She paid by cheque.
• Â /  ag can also  refer to an action between two persons
• and is placed following common verbs, e.g.

Mynd  â	To go with
Siarad â	To speak with
Cwrdd â	To meet with
Dod â	To come with
Chwarae â	To play with
Priodi â Siân	To marry Siân
Gyferbyn â mi	Opposite me
Trafod â	To discuss with

• The statement:
• "As ____ as ____" is usually expressed in welsh by "Mor ____ a'r/ag ____"
• Mor  ddu â'r frân    =   as black as the crow
• Mor  ddu ag eira     =    as white as snow

In the course we use both the standard formal form (included in the brackets) and the spoken informal form.
Bod in the present affirmative tense:

	Formal	Informal
Singular 1st person	Rwyf i   /   rydw i	Rwy  i  /  dw  i	I am
Singular 2nd person	Rwyt ti	Rwyt ti	You are
Singular 3rd person	Mae ef	Mae e	He is
Singular 3rd person	Mae hi	Mae hi	She is
Singular 3rd person	Mae John	Mae John	John is
Plural 1st person	Rydyn ni	Dyn ni	We are
Plural 2nd person	Rydych chi	Dych chi	You are
Plural 3rd person	Maen nhw	Maen nhw	They are
Plural 3rd person	Mae'r plant	Mae'r plant	The men are

The question forms of the present tense of the verb 'bod'

	Question
Singular 1st person	Ydw i?	Do I?
Singular 2nd person	Wyt ti?	Do you?
Singular 3rd person	Ydy e?	Does he?
Singular 3rd person	Ydy hi?	Does she?
Plural 1st person	(y)dyn ni?	Are we?
Plural 2nd person	(y)dych chi?	Are you?
Plural 3rd person	(y)dyn nhw?	Are they?

The negative personal forms of the present tense of the verb 'bod'.

	Negative
Singular 1st person	Dwy i ddim	I'm not
Singular 2nd person	Dwyt ti ddim	You're not
Singular 3rd person	Dyw e ddim	He's not
Singular 3rd person	Dyw hi ddim	She's not
Singular 3rd person	Dyw'r dyn ddim	The man isn't
Plural 1st person	Dydyn ni ddim	We're not
Plural 2nd person	Dydych chi ddim	You're not
Plural 3rd person	Dydyn nhw ddim	They're not

The linking word yn is placed after ddim  in negative sentences:
Dwy i ddim yn hoffi sglodion (I don't like chips)
Dyw e ddim yn rhedeg (he's not running)
Dydyn nhw ddim yn dod (they're not coming)

Answers to 'bod' questions in the present tense

Cwestiwn		Yes	No
Ydw i?	Am I?	Ydw ( I am)	Na / nag ydw
Wyt ti?	Are you?	Wyt ( you are)	Na / nag wyt
Ydy e?	Is he?	Ydy (he is)	Na / nag yw
Ydy hi?	Is she?	Ydy (she is)	Na / nag yw
Ydyn ni?	Are we?	Ydyn (we are)	Na / nag ydyn
Ydych chi?	Are you?	Ydych (you are)	Na / nag ydych
Ydyn nhw?	Are they?	Ydyn (they are)	Na / nag ydyn

In the 1st and 2nd person, the answer will naturally alter according to the question:
Wyt ti'n dod i siopa? (are you coming shopping?) ------------------- Ydw (yes, I am)
Ydych chi'n mynd ar wyliau? (are you going on holiday?) ---------- Ydyn (yes, we are)

The answers reflect the question in the 3rd person:
Ydy hi'n bwrw glaw heddiw? (is it raining today?) ----------------- Ydy (yes, it is)

Yn
Yn  triggers a soft mutation in all nouns and adjectives, but never verbs:

yn fachgen (bachgen)(boy)
yn bobydd (pobydd) (baker)
yn ddawnswraig (dawnswraig)(female dancer)
yn goch (red)
yn fawr (large)
yn wan (weak)
yn rhedeg (running),  yn cysgu (sleeping), yn gyrru (driving)

Yn / 'n is never placed before 'eisiau'.

mae dafydd eisiau car newydd = dafydd wants a new car
rydw i eisiau car bach  =  I want a small car

Bod
Singular forms of the verb 'bod' is used with singular and plural nouns: mae'r plant yn chwarae  =  the children are playing
mae'r ceir yn y garej  =  the cars are in the garage

Sylwch y gwahaniaeth rhwng y canlynol:
Note the difference between the following:

• Ar draws / draw
• Ar draws = across (something) e.g. across his chest, across the river
• draw  = over, across

• Nos / noson / noswaith
• 'nos' is used when referring to a definite night/evening, e.g.
• nos Lun (monday)
• Nos Fawrth (tuesday)
• 'nos' is also used in some welsh sayings, e.g.
• Nos da  (good night)
• Cefn nos (the dead of night)
• Yn nyfnder nos (the dead of night)
•  'noson'/ 'noswaith' (the period of darkness)
• Roedd hi'n noson dywyll iawn.  (it was a very dark evening)
• Noswaith is used in the phrase
• Noswaith dda  (good evening)