Feminine singluar nouns except those beginning 'll' and 'rh' mutate after the article:
| merch |
| girl |
| y ferch |
| the girl |
| pêl |
| ball |
| y bêl |
| the ball |
| pont |
| town |
| y dref |
| the town |
| llyfrgell |
| library |
| y llyfrgell |
| the library |
Adjectives following feminine singular nouns are mutated softly:
| ystafell wely |
| (gwely) |
| bedroom |
| merch fach |
| (bach) |
| little girl |
| cadair fawr |
| (mawr) |
| large chair |
| cath ddu |
| (du) |
| black cat |
Adjectives preceding nouns
The words hen ("old"), prif ("main/chief"), hoff ("favourite"), holl ("all") and ambell ("occasional") precede the noun they describe and suffer the word to be softly mutated:
| hen ddyn |
| (dyn) |
| an old man |
| hoff ardd |
| (gardd) |
| favourite garden |
| prif lyfrgell |
| (llyfrgell) |
| main library |
| holl blant |
| (plant) |
| all children |
| ambell fachgen |
| (bachgen) |
| occasional boy |
Many prepositions cause mutations:
| o |
| of, from |
|
gormod o waith
(gwaith) |
| too much work |
| am |
| for, about |
|
am flynyddoedd
(blynyddoedd) |
| for years |
| dros |
| over |
|
dros bont
(pont) |
| over a bridge |
| ar |
| on |
|
ar blât
(plât) |
| on a plate |
| i |
| to |
|
i Landaf
(Llandaf) |
| to Llandaf |
| at |
| to, towards |
|
at ddant
(dant) |
| to one's taste |
| dan |
| under |
|
dan deimlad
(teimlad) |
| under stress |
| drwy |
| through |
|
drwy ddamwain
(damwain) |
| by accident |
| gan |
| with, by, from, since |
|
gan gyllell
(cyllell) |
| with a knife |
| heb |
| without |
|
heb gartref
(cartref) |
| without a home |
| wrth |
| by, with, to, compared to, because |
|
wrth reswm
(rheswm) |
| obviously |
| hyd |
| until |
|
hy ddydd Sadwrn
(dydd) |
| until Saturday |
Adjectves suffer a soft mutation after 'rhy' ("too"):
| rhy dawel |
| (tawel) |
| too noisy |
| rhy gyflym |
| (cyflym) |
| too quick |
| rhy ddiflas |
| (diflas) |
| too miserable |
| rhy drwm |
| (trwm) |
| too heavy |
Beth ("what") and Pwy ("who") both cause a soft mutation:
| Beth ddigwyddodd? |
| (digwyddodd) |
| What happened? |
| Pwy glywodd |
| (clywodd) |
| Who heard? |
The predicative marker yn/'n causes all adjectives and nouns (except those beginning with 'll' and 'rh') to mutate softly:
| Mae hi'n aeaf caled |
| (gaeaf) |
| It is a hard winter |
| Mae hi'n galed |
| (caled) |
| It is hard |
| Maen nhw'n rhydd |
| They are free |
Verbs never mutate after 'yn':
| Roedd hi'n canu |
| She was singing |
Pan ("when", Unit 11) also causes a soft mutation:
| Pan welais i'r ci... |
| When I saw the dog... |
| Roedd ofn arna i pan glywais i'r swn |
| I was afraid when I heard the noise |
| Pan edrychais i arnyn nhw ces i deimlad rhyfedd |
| (e does not mutate) |
| When I looked at them I got a strange feeling |
| Roeddwn nhw wedi mynd pan ddaeth e |
| They had gone when he came |
| Roedd gwallt du 'da fe pan ddechreuodd e ddysgu Cymraeg |
| He had black hair when he started to learn Welsh |
| Roedd y tywydd yn ofnadwy pan ddringais i'r Wddfa |
| The weather was awful when I climbed Snowdon |
| Pan agorais i'r bocs gwelais i'r anrheg |
| (a does not mutate) |
| When I opened the box I saw the present |
Pa mor ("how") when used in conjunction with an adjective:
The letters 'll' and 'rh' do not mutate after Pa mor:
| Pa mor dal dych chi? |
| (tal) |
| How tall are you? |
Pa ("which") triggers a soft mutation in nouns:
| Pa liw? |
| (lliw) |
| Which colour? |
| Pa ferch? |
| (merch) |
| Which girl? |
The direct object of a short form verb mutates (Unit 10, Unit 11):
| Arhoswch funud |
| Wait a minute |
| Gwelais i ddyn hyll |
| I saw an ugly man |
| Ysgrifennodd e draethawd yr wythnos diwethaf |
| I wrote an essay last week |
| Clywodd e geffyl |
| He heard a horse |
| Teimlon nhw boen |
| They felt a pain |
| Wnaethon nhw ddiod? |
| Did they make a drink? |
| Ganodd hi gân? |
| Did she sing a song? |
| Gwnaeth e'r daflen waith |
| He did the worksheet |
| Bwyton ni fara |
| We ate bread |
| Rwy'n bwyta bara |
| (Rwy'n bwyta: a long form verb) |
| I am eating bread |
'Neu' causes nouns, adjectives and verb-nouns to mutate (Unit 10):
| Coffi neu de |
| Coffee or tea |
| Yfed neu fwyta |
| Eating or drinking |
| Du neu wyn |
| Black or white |
| Ennill neu golli |
| Win or lose |
| Melyn neu las |
| Yellow or blue |
| Meddyg neu ddeintydd |
| A doctor or a dentist |
Verbs never mutate after 'neu':
| Gwisgwch got neu caewch y ffenestr |
| (Caewch: a verb, so no mutation) |
| Wear a coat or close the window |
Interrogative forms of short form verbs are expressed by using the soft mutation on the verb (Unit 11, Unit 12):
| Ddarllen nhw fe? |
| Did they read it? |
| Dalon nhw'r dyn? |
| Did they pay the man? |
| Basiodd hi'r arholiad? |
| Did she pass the exam? |
| Waeddodd pawb? |
| Did everyone shout? |
| Rroesodd e'r llinell? |
| Did he cross the line? |
| Ydy e'n cerdded? |
| Is he walking? |
| DDeallodd e gwestiwn? |
| Did he understand a question? |
| Weloch chi'r rhaglen?/Welais ti'r rhaglen? |
| Did you see the programme? |
Negative forms are expressed by using the soft mutation (+ ddim) - except for verbs beginning T, C or P which aspiratise (see Aspirate Mutation):
| Ddeallodd hi ddim |
| She didn't understand |
| Welodd e ddim o bopeth |
| He didn't see everything |
| Waeddon nhw ddim |
| They didn't shout |
| Wnaethon ni ddim o'r gwaith cartref |
| We didn't do the homework |
| Atebodd e ddim o'r ffôn |
| (a does not mutate) |
| He didn't answer the phone |
| Ffoniodd e ddim o'r heddlu |
| (Ff does not mutate) |
| He didn't phone the police |
| Phasiodd e ddim o'r arholiad |
| (Aspirate Mutation) |
| He didn't pass the exam |
| theimlon nhw ddim o'r oerfel |
| (Aspirate Mutation) |
| They didn't feel the cold |
The personal prefixed pronoun 'dy' ("your") and 'ei' ("his") cause a soft mutation (Unit 13):
| Dy gar di |
| Your car |
| Ei gar e |
| His car |
| Ydych chi wedi'i weld e?/Wyt ti wedi'i weld e? |
| Have you seen him? |
| Ble roedd dy frawd? |
| Where was your brother? |
| Symud dy bapurau a dy lyfrau di |
| Move your papers and your books |
| Pryd roedd ei arholiad e? |
| (No mutation) |
| When was his exam? |
| Roedd ei gerddoriaeth yn rhy uchel |
| His music is too loud |
| Dwy i ddim yn gallu dy glywed di |
| I can't hear you |
| Roedd ei fwyd yn flasus iawn |
| His food was very tasty |
| P'un ydy ei blentyn e? |
| Which one is his child? |
The verb-noun undergoes a soft mutation in the patterns: Rhaid i mi fynd ("I must go", Unit 14)
| Gwell iddo fe gerdded |
| He'd better walk |
| Mae'n well iddyn nhw ddiolch iddo fe |
| (diolch i - to thank) |
| They'd better thank him |
| (Mae'n) rhaid iddyn nhw ddod |
| They had to come |
| Oedd rhaid iddo fe aros? |
| (a does not mutate) |
| Did he have to stay? |
| Mae'n well i ni beidio â'u gadael nhw |
| We'd better not leave them |
| (Mae'n) rhaid i chi fynd ar hyd y stryd (heol) |
| You have to go along the road |
| Oes rhaid i fi redeg? |
| Do I have to run? |
| Mae'n rhaid i chi edrych ar y tudalen nesaf |
| (e does not mutate) |
| You have to look at the next page |
| Mae'n well iddo fe ei ddysgu e (ei dysgu hi) |
| (mutation caused by 'ei', a masculine singluar pronoun) |
| He'd better learn it |
| Does dim rhaid i mi ddeall popeth |
| I don't have to understand everything |
The word 'newydd' ("just this minute") causes the soft mutation:
| Roedden nhw nwewydd fynd |
| They had just gone |
| Mae hi newydd gyrraedd |
| She had just arrived |
| Ydy hi newydd adael? |
| Has she just left? |
| Mae'n nhw newydd dalu |
| They have just paid |
| Roeddwn i newydd fynd pan gyrhaeddodd e |
| I had just gone when he arrived |
Uned 1 - Cyfarch Rhywun
Uned 1 - Geirfa
Uned 1 - Adolygu
Uned 2 - Amser Presennol Bod
Uned 2 - Geirfa
Uned 2 - Adolygu
Uned 3 - Y Tywydd
Uned 3 - Geirfa
Uned 3 - Adolygu
Uned 4 - Disgrifio Pethau
Uned 4 - Geirfa
Uned 4 - Ansoddeiriau
Uned 4 - Adolygu
Uned 5 - Mynegi Meddiant
Uned 5 - Geirfa
Uned 5 - Adolygu
Uned 6 - Amser Amherffaith Bod
Uned 6 - Geirfa
Uned 6 - Adolygu
Uned 7 - Disgrifio Pobl
Uned 7 - Geirfa
Uned 7 - Adolygu
Uned 8 - Wedi (Rhan Un)
Uned 8 - Wedi (Rhan Dau)
Uned 8 - Wedi (Rhan Tri)
Uned 8 - Wedi (Rhan Pedwar)
Uned 8 - Wedi (Rhan Pump)
Uned 8 - Geirfa
Uned 8 - Adolygu