Uned Tri - Adolygu

Acenion  Accents
There are four accents in the Welsh language which affect the quality of vowels where they appear:

• The acute accent  á  which appears above the vowels a and e.
• The grave accent  à which appears above the vowels,  i,  o and  y.
• The circumflex â can appear above any vowel to show it is long.
• The diaeresis ä shows that the vowel is pronounced separately.

Accents can be obtained by clicking 'Insert' on the toolbar and then selecting 'Symbols'.
Choose the required accent.

On a PC I can also obtain the different accents on my computer if I press 'ALT' and a series of numbers on the Num Pad (on the right of the keyboard):

ALT + 147 ---- ô
ALT + 136 ---- ê
ALT + 130 ---- é
ALT + 160 ---- á
ALT + 131 ---- â
ALT + 139 ---- ï
ALT + 140 ---- î
ALT + 0175 ---- ŵ
ALT + 0177 ---- ŷ

On a Mac, I can use the “character & keyboard viewer” to select accented characters, or (On some later versions of Mac OS X) by holding down the relevant vowel and selecting the appropriate accented letter – though this method doesn't yet work for ŵ or ŷ; you'll have to use the character viewer for those!

On a machine running Ubuntu Linux, this article has some helpful tips.

In the course we use both the standard formal form (included in the brackets) and the spoken informal form.
Bod in the present affirmative tense:

	Formal	Informal
Singular 1st person	Rwyf i   /   rydw i	Rwy  i  /  dw  i	I am
Singular 2nd person	Rwyt ti	Rwyt ti	You are
Singular 3rd person	Mae ef	Mae e	He is
Singular 3rd person	Mae hi	Mae hi	She is
Singular 3rd person	Mae John	Mae John	John is
Plural 1st person	Rydyn ni	Dyn ni	We are
Plural 2nd person	Rydych chi	Dych chi	You are
Plural 3rd person	Maen nhw	Maen nhw	They are
Plural 3rd person	Mae'r plant	Mae'r plant	The men are

The question forms of the present tense of the verb 'bod'

	Question
Singular 1st person	Ydw i?	Do I?
Singular 2nd person	Wyt ti?	Do you?
Singular 3rd person	Ydy e?	Does he?
Singular 3rd person	Ydy hi?	Does she?
Plural 1st person	(Y)dyn ni?	Are we?
Plural 2nd person	(Y)dych chi?	Are you?
Plural 3rd person	(Y)dyn nhw?	Are they?

The negative personal forms of the present tense of the verb 'bod'.

	Negative
Singular 1st person	Dwy i ddim	I'm not
Singular 2nd person	Dwyt ti ddim	You're not
Singular 3rd person	Dyw e ddim	He's not
Singular 3rd person	Dyw hi ddim	She's not
Singular 3rd person	Dyw'r dyn ddim	The man isn't
Plural 1st person	Dydyn ni ddim	We're not
Plural 2nd person	Dydych chi ddim	You're not
Plural 3rd person	Dydyn nhw ddim	They're not

The linking word yn is placed after ddim  in negative sentences:
Dwy i ddim yn hoffi sglodion                                =          i don't like chips
Dyw e ddim yn rhedeg                                            =          he's not running
Dydyn nhw ddim yn dod                                         =          they're not coming

Answers to 'bod' questions in the present tense

	Cwestiwn		Yes	No
Singular 1st person	Ydw i?	Am I?	Ydw ( I am)	Na / nag ydw
Singular 2nd person	Wyt ti?	Are you?	Wyt ( you are)	Na / nag wyt
Singular 3rd person	Ydy e?	Is he?	Ydy (he is)	Na / nag ydy
Singular 3rd person	Ydy hi?	Is she?	Ydy (she is)	Na / nag ydy
Plural 1st person	Ydyn ni?	Are we?	Ydyn (we are)	Na / nag ydyn
Plural 2nd person	Ydych chi?	Are you?	Ydych (you are)	Na / nag ydych
Plural 3rd person	Ydyn nhw?	Are they?	Ydyn (they are)	Na / nag ydyn

In formal welsh, nag …. is spelt nac….., but is pronounced as nag…

In the 1st and 2nd person, the answer will naturally alter according to the question:
Wyt ti'n dod i siopa?                       (are you coming shopping?)   Ydw     (yes, I am)
Ydych chi'n mynd ar wyliau?          (are you going on holiday?)    Ydyn    (yes, we are)

The answers reflect the question in the 3rd person:
Ydy hi'n bwrw glaw heddiw?         (is it raining today?)               Ydy      (yes, it is)

Yn
Yn  triggers a soft mutation in all nouns and adjectives, but never verbs:
            yn fachgen (bachgen) (boy)
            yn bobydd (pobydd) (baker)
yn ddawnswraig (dawnswraig) (female dancer)
yn goch (red)
yn fawr (large)
yn wan (weak)
            verbs
yn rhedeg (running)
yn cysgu (sleeping)
yn gyrru (driving)

Yn / 'n is never placed before 'eisiau'.
            Mae Dafydd eisiau car newydd = dafydd wants a new car
            Rydw i eisiau cinio                           =          I want lunch

Bod     
The third person singular forms of the verb 'bod' is used with singular and plural nouns:
            Mae'r ferch yn canu                                     =          The girl is singing.
            Mae e'n hapus                                             =          He is happy
            Mae delyth yn aros                          =          Delyth is staying
            Mae'r plant yn chwarae                              =          The children are playing
            Mae'r ceir yn y garej                                    =          The cars are in the garage

 

Sylwch ar y gwahaniaeth rhwng y canlynol:
Note the difference between the following:

1. Adref               homewards
2. Gartref                        at home
3. Cartref             home

 

1. Rwy'n mynd adref ar ôl gwaith                   =          I'm going home after work
2. Mae hi'n gweithio gartref                           =          She works at home
3. Mae cartref Mr a Mrs Jones  yn hyfryd       =          Mr and Mrs Jones's home is lovely